ENGLISH VERB TENSES (TODOS)

SIMPLE PRESENT ( I DO )

 We use the simple present to talk about things in general . We are not  thinking only about the    present . We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly , or that something is  true in general . It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking :
Usamos o Simple Present para falar de coisas em geral. Não estamos pensando somente no presente. Usamos para dizer que algo acontece o tempo todo ou repetidamente. Não é importante se a ação esta acontecendo no momento da fala:

            Examples :

                        The earth goes round the sun

                       Nurses look after patients in hospitals

                       In Britain most of the shops close at 5.30 PM

Remember that we say He , She , It with S .  Don' t  forget the "S "

Lembre-se que dizemos He,She,IT com “S”. Não esqueça do “S”

                        I work in a bank  -  He works in a bank

•We make the negative  adding DON 'T  or DOESN 'T before the main verb

Fazemos o negativo adicionando DON’T ou DOESN’T (para He,She,It) antes do verbo.

• We make the interrogative  adding DO / DOES before the subject

Fazemos o interrogativo adicionando DO/DOES antes do sujeito.

            Examples :

            Affirmative : They work in a bank                     He works in a bank

            Negative :     They don't work in a bank             He doesn't work in a bank

            Interrogative :Do they work in a bank ?            Does he work in a bank ?

            Inter. negative: Don ' t they work in a bank ?    Doesn' t he work in a bank ?

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
 ( PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ) ( I AM DOING ) 
Formado com  TO BE + MAIN VERB  + ING

We use the present continuous to talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking.
Usamos o Present Continuous para falar sobre algo que esta acontecendo no momento da fala:

        David is driving to work  ( he is in his car now )
   • Other uses (outros usos)

1 - To talk about a temporary action that is not necessarily happening at the time of speaking.
Para falar sobre uma ação temporaria que não esta necessariamente acontecendo no momento da fala:

                        David is taking an English course this semester
                        They are building a new hospital near the park

2 - An action programmed in the future (uma ação programada no futuro)

                        We are going to New York next week
                        David is meeting Jennifer tomorrow night

3 - An action that is repeated frequently (uma ação repetida frequentemente)

                        My neighbor is always playing music in a loud sound
                       She is often buying new clothes

 NOTE :

            Some verbs are not normally used in the  Progressive forms altough we can do it. They , in general , indicate a state or  a condition . Here are some of them :
            Alguns verbos não são normalmente usados na forma continua embora possamos faze-loEles em geral indicam um estado ou condição. Aqui estão alguns deles:

                        Agree ( concordar )                             Hate ( odiar )

                        Believe ( acreditar )                              Have ( ter )

                        Belong  ( pertencer )                             Hear ( ouvir )

                        Disagree ( discordar )                           Hope ( esperar )

                        Forget   ( esquecer )                             Know ( saber )             

                        Like ( gostar )                                       See ( ver )

                        Love ( amar )                                       Seem ( parecer )

                        Need ( precisar )                                  Smell ( cheirar )

                        Prefer ( preferir )                                  Think ( pensar )

                        Remember ( lembrar )                          Understand ( compreender )

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 SIMPLE PAST

 The regular verbs make the past tense adding ED to the infinitive without the   particle TO
Os verbos regulares fazem o passado acrescentado-se ED ao infinitivo sem a particula TO

EXAMPLES :

            TO LIVE                       LIVED   ( morar / morei )

            TO ARRIVE                 ARRIVED ( chegar / cheguei )

            TO LOVE                     LOVED ( amar / amei )

            TO TALK                     TALKED ( falar / falei )

•We make the negative using the auxiliary Did not ( didn ' t ) before the main verb of the sentence.

Fazemos o negativo acrescentando Did not (didn’t) antes do verbo principal da frase.

I lived in London for three months last year                    I didn ' t live in London last year

We arrived in New York yesterday morning                   We didn' t arrive in New York yesterday morning

•We make the interrogative form adding  DID before the subject of the sentence

Fazemos o interrogativo colocando-se Did antes do sujeito da frase.

=>The contracted forms are normally used in conversation and informal writting

As formas contraidas são normalmente usadas em conversação e textos informais
.

Did she pass her examination ?             When did you arrive in New York ?

Did you live in London ?                       How long did you live in London ?

pronoun	affirmative	negative form	contracted negative
I	lived	did not live	didn ' t  live
you	lived	did not live	didn ' t  live
he,she,it	lived	did not live	didn ' t  live
we	lived	did not live	didn ' t  live
you	lived	did not live	didn ' t  live
they	lived	did not live	didn ' t  live

Uses of the Simple past (usos do Simple Past)

We use this tense to talk about actions that happened in a definite time in the past . The time can be :

Usamos este tempo verbal para falar de coisas que aconteceram em um tempo definido no passado. O tempo pode ser:

1 - Specified in the sentence . In general words and expressions meaning time are used in the sentence

Especificado na frase. Em geral palavras e expressões que significam tempo são usadas na frase.

 He left for Australia last night

She made a wonderful cake yesterday

I received a letter from my brother a week ago 

They decided to move to Wyoming today

2 - Suggested by an expression of place ( sugerido por uma expressão de lugar)

 I bought this book in New York

They watched this movie in São Paulo.

• The Simple Past is also used with adverbs of frequency like : always , seldom , never , etc.,to  indicate an habit in the past.

 É usado também com advérbios de freqüência para indicar um hábito  no passado.

Veja a pagina Adverbs

 He always drove very fast (Ele sempre dirigiu muito rápido) 

They seldom arrived on time to their classes (Eles raramente chegam a tempo para as aulas)

See also Irregular Verbs

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PAST CONTINUOUS ( PAST PROGRESSIVE )  ( I WAS DOING )

 It's formed by the PAST of TO BE + MAIN VERB + ING

Formado com Passado de BE + Verbo Principal + ING

•We use the past progressive to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time . The action had already begun before this time .

• Usamos o Past Continuous para dizer que alguem estava em meio de fazer algo em certo tempo. A ação ja começou antes desse tempo.

In April last year I was living in France ( LIVE )

( Em abril do ano passado eu estava morando na França)

What were you doing at 8:00 o'clock last evening ? ( DO )

(O que você estava fazendo as 8:00h na noite passada?)

•The past progressive doesn't tell us if an action has finished or not , notice :

O Past Progressive (ou Past Continuous) não nos diz se a ação terminou ou não.Veja:

 David was writing the year report Yesterday ( we don't know if he finished it )

(David estava escrevendo o relatório anual ontem.(não sabemos se ele já terminou)

MAS:

David wrote the report ( Simple Past ) - ( He began and finished it )

( David escreveu o relatório( Simple Past) –(ele começou e terminou)

•Other uses

We use the Past Progressive to say that something happened in the middle of another thing :

Usamos o Past Progressive (past continuous) para dizer que alguma coisa aconteceu no meio de outra coisa:

Tom broke the keyboard when he was typing a letter

Tom quebrou o teclado enquanto estava digitando uma carta.

When I saw Jennifer in the park , she was sitting on the grass and reading a book

Quando vi Jennifer no parque, ela estava sentada na grama lendo um livro.

I hurt my back while I was working in the garden

Machuquei as costas enquanto trabalhava no jardim.

•To say that one thing happened after another thing , we use the Simple Past

Para dizer que alguma coisa aconteceu depois de outra, usamos o Simple Past

Yesterday David was having dinner when the telephone rang . He stopped eating and answered.

Ontem David estava jantando quando o telefone tocou. Ele parou de comer e atendeu.

•Compare these sentences :

Compare estas frases:

 When Tom arrived we were having dinner ( past progressive) -{ we had already started before  Tom arrived }

Quando Tom chegou estávamos jantando (past progressive)- já tínhamos começado antes de Tom chegar)

When Tom arrived , we had dinner ( past simple ) - { Tom arrived and then we had dinner }

Quando Tom chegou nós jantamos (past simple) (Tom chegou e então nós jantamos)

 NOTE :

 Some verbs are not normally used in the  Progressive forms,although we can do it . They , in general , indicate a state or a condition . Here are the most commons:

Alguns verbos não são normalmente usados nas formas Progressive (Continuous),embora possamos faze-lo. Eles em geral indicam um estado ou condição. Eis os mais comuns:

            Agree ( concordar )                              Hate ( odiar )

            Believe ( acreditar )                               Have ( ter )

            Belong  ( pertencer )                              Hear ( ouvir )

            Disagree ( discordar )                            Hope ( esperar )

            Forget   ( esquecer )                              Know ( saber )             

            Like ( gostar )                                       See ( ver )

            Love ( amar )                                        Seem ( parecer )

            Need ( precisar )                                   Smell ( cheirar )

            Prefer ( preferir )                                   Think ( pensar )

            Remember ( lembrar )                           Understand ( compreender )

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    PRESENT PERFECT ( I HAVE DONE )

It's formed by :   HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE of main verb

Note : The past participle of verbs , normally ends in -ED ( opened , decided ) except for irregular verbs

O past Participle(particípio passado) dos verbos normalmente termina em ED, exceto para os verbos irregulares.

In negative sentences we use NOT after the auxiliary HAVE.

Em frases negativas usa-se NOT após o  verbo Have

In interrogative sentences the verb HAVE is placed before the subject .In general the contracted    forms are used .

Em frases interrogatives o verbo Have é colocado antes do sujeito. Em geral usa-se as formas contraídas.

The normal forms of Present Perfect are(as formas normais do Present Perfect são:)

pronoun	affirmative	negative	interrogative
I	have lived	have not lived	have i lived ?
YOU	have lived	have not lived	have you lived ?
HE,SHE,IT	has lived	has not lived	has ( he,she,it) lived?
WE	have lived	have not lived	have we lived ?
YOU	have lived	have not lived	have you lived ?
THEY	have lived	have not lived	have they lived ?

These are the contracted forms( estas são as formas contraidas)

affirmative	negative	interrogative
I ' ve live	iIhaven ' t lived	have I lived ?
you ' ve lived	you haven ' t lived	have you lived ?
he ' s lived	he hasn ' t lived	has he lived ?
she ' s lived	she hasn ' t lived	has she lived ?
it ' s lived	it hasn ' t lived	has it lived ?
we ' ve lived	we haven' t lived	have we lived ?
you ' ve lived	you haven ' t lived	have you lived ?
they ' ve lived	they haven ' t lived	have they lived ?

And do not forget the Interrogative-negative (não esqueça o interrogativo-negativo)

normal form	contracted form
have I not lived ?	haven ' t I lived ?
have you not lived ?	haven ' t you lived ?
has he not lived ?	hasn 't he lived ?
has she not lived ?	hasn ' t she lived ?
has it not lived ?	hasn ' t it lived ?
have we not lived ?	haven ' t we lived ?
have you not lived ?	haven ' t you lived ?
have they not lived ?	haven ' t they lived ?

 Uses of this tense (Usos deste tempo verbal)

1 - To talk about a period of time that continues up to the present.

Para falar de um período de tempo que continua até o presente)

She 's  lived in New York for ten years ( she still lives there )

Ela tem morado em New York por dez anos (ela ainda mora lá)

Her sister has been working since January ( her sister is still working )

A irmã dela tem trabalhado desde Janeiro (a irmã dela ainda trabalha)    

Obs:Sabemos que em português também podemos dizer" Tenho trabalhado la por dez anos"- mas esta forma verbal não é de uso comum em nossa língua.

2 - To talk about something that someone haven't done that continues up to the present

Para falar sobre algo que alguem não fez e que continua até o presente.                       

 I ' ve never smoked (Eu nunca fumei)

I haven ' t smoked for two years ( Eu não fumo ha dois anos)

Jennifer hasn ' t called me for two weeks (Jennifer não me telefona ha duas semanas)

Other uses – Outros usos

1 - When there is a connection with the present.

            Quando ha uma ligação com o presente

                        I ' ve lost my wallet ( I don ' t have it with me now )

                        Perdi minha carteira (Não a tenho comigo agora)

                        
                        Jennifer has gone to Italy ( she is there now )

                        Jennifer foi para a Italia (ela está lá agora)

                        
                        Have you cleaned your room ? ( is it clean now ? )

                        Voce limpou seu quarto? (ele está limpo agora?)

 
2 - To talk about a recent happening , or to add new information.

Para falar sobre um acontecimento recente,ou adicionar nova informação

I ' ve lost my wallet . Can you help me to find it ?

Perdi minha carteira. Pode me ajudar a acha-la?

Do you know about Jennifer ? She ' s gone to Italy.

Sabe da Jennifer? Ela foi para a Italia.

3 - To say that something  happened a short time ago , or before the expected time.

Para dizer que algo aconteceu ha pouco tempo, ou antes do  tempo esperado.

Can I buy you a snack ? - No thank you , I ' ve just had lunch ( short time ago )

Posso lhe pagar um lanche?- Não,obrigado. Acabei de almoçar.

Is David going to start his new work soon ? He has already started !( before the expected )

David vai começar no novo trabalho logo? Ele já começou. (antes do tempo esperado)

Time expressions like : ever , never , already , before , yet , recently , are often used when  the time is not  specified

Quando o tempo não é especificado geralmente se usa expressões como : ever, never, already, before..etc.

I ' ve never studied a thing like this                     She ' s already done her homework

 Charles has recently bought a new car               We ' ve been to New York before

 Jennifer hasn ' t gone to USA yet                                  

• We use the present perfect with : this morning , this evening , today , this week , this year etc .,  when these periods have not finished at the time of speaking.

Usamos o present perfect com: esta manhã, esta noite, hoje, esta semana, este ano etc. quando estes períodos não se encerraram no momento da fala.

I ' ve read three newspaper today ( maybe I read more before the day finishes )

Li três jornais hoje( talvez eu leia mais antes do fim do dia)

They ' ve danced a lot this evening

Eles dançaram muito esta noite (talvez dancem mais)

David hasn ' t studied very much this year          

David não estudou muito este ano( talvez ele estude menos ainda)

It is the second time Jennifer has phoned David this morning

É a Segunda vez que Jennifer telefona esta manhã (talvez ela telefone de novo)

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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

 ( PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE ) ( I HAVE BEEN DOING )

 It 's formed by : HAVE / HAS + BEEN + MAIN VERB + ING

Formado com: Have/Has + Been + verbo principal + ing

The streets are wet because it has been raining ( rain )

As ruas estão molhadas porque esteve chovendo

I need to learn English , so I have been studying hard ( study )

Preciso aprender Inglês, então tenho estudado duramente.

             Use of this tense – uso deste tempo

•The Present Perfect continuous is used to indicate an action that began in the past and  as just stopped , or that continues till now.

Este tempo é usado para indicar uma ação que  começou no passado e continua até agora.

 We also use this tense to say , or ask , how long something has been happening.

Também se usa para perguntar há quanto tempo algo esta acontecendo.

 
a) You are looking tired . Have you been running ? ( you just stopped running )

 Você esta parecendo cansado. Você esteve correndo ?

 b) I ' ve been talking to Jennifer about you .

 Eu estive falando com Jennifer sobre você.

c) How long have you been learning English ?           

Ha quanto tempo você tem estudado Inglês?

d) The Clintons have been living in New York since January

Os Clintons estão morando ( ou tem morado )  em New York desde Janeiro.

 The negative , interrogative and contracted forms follow the same model as those of the Present Perfect

O negativo, interrogativo e formas contraidas seguem o mesmo modelo que o Present Perfect.

pronoun	affirmative	negative	interrogative
I	have been living	have not been living	have I been living ?
YOU	have been living	have not been living	have you been living ?
HE,SHE,IT	has been living	has not been living	has (he,she,it) been living?
WE	have been living	have not been living	have we been living ?
YOU	have been living	have not been living	have you been living ?
THEY	have been living	have not been living	have they been living ?

INTERROGATIVE - NEGATIVE forms

extended	contracted
have I not been living ?	haven ' t I been living ?
have you not been living ?	haven ' t you been living ?
has ( he,she,it ) not been living ?	hasn ' t ( he,she,it ) been living ?
have we not been living ?	haven ' t we been living ?
have you not been living ?	haven ' t you been living ?
have they not been living ?	haven ' t they been living /

            The contracted forms are normally used for everyday conversation

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PAST PERFECT ( I HAD LIVED )

It's formed by : HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE of main verb

Formado com: Had + Participio passado do verbo principal.

When I arrived at the airport , the plane had already gone (go)

Quando cheguei ao aeroporto , o avião ja tinha partido.

 I arrived late to the theater . The play had finished minutes before ( finish )

 Eu cheguei tarde ao teatro .  A peça terminara minutos antes

Use of this tense  - uso deste tempo

The Past Perfect is used to indicate an action , or state , that happened before an other action in the past , or that continued till a certain moment in the past.

O Past Perfect é usado para indicar uma ação, ou estado, que aconteceu antes de uma outra ação no passado, ou que continuou ate certo momento no passado.

When I arrived at the airport , the plane had already gone away.

Quando eu cheguei ao aeroporto , o avião já tinha ido embora.

It was David's  first time in an airplane . He was nervous because he hadn ' t flown before

Era a primeira vez de David em um avião. Ele estava nervoso porque nunca tinha voado antes. 

The past perfect ( I had done ) is the past of the present perfect ( I have done ) compare :

 O past Perfect é o passado do Present Perfect. Compare:
   

 The car is dirty . I haven' t washed it for weeks ( present )

O carro esta sujo . Eu não o tenho lavado ha semanas.          

The car was dirty . I hadn ' t washed it for weeks ( past )

O carro estava sujo . Eu não o tinha lavado ha semanas.

 With words like after , before , when , as soon as , is frequently used the Simple Past , but the  Past Perfect is used to specify that when the second action happened  the first was ended .

Com as palavras acima geralmente é geralmente usado o Past Simple, mas o Past Perfect é usado para especificar que uma segunda ação aconteceu depois que a primeira terminou.

Examples:

After the plane left , we went back home

Depois que o avião partiu , nós voltamos para casa.

After the plane had left , we went back home.

Depois que o avião tinha partido , nós voltamos para casa.

These are the normal forms- estas são as formas normais

pronoun	affirmative	negative	interrogative	interrog-negative
I	had lived	had not lived	had I lived ?	had I not lived ?
YOU	had lived	had not lived	had you lived ?	had you not lived ?
HE,SHE.IT	had lived	had not lived	had ( he,she it ) lived ?	had( he,she,it) not lived ?
WE	had lived	had not lived	had we lived ?	had we not lived ?
YOU	had lived	had not lived	had you lived ?	had you not lived ?
THEY	had lived	had not lived	had they lived ?	had they not lived ?

 As it happens with all the other tenses , the contracted forms are normally used in the  everyday conversation .

Como aacontece com todos os outros tempos, as formas contraidas são mais usadas no dia a dia.

These are the contracted forms Estas são as formas contraídas.

affirmative	negative	interrogative - negative
I ' d lived	I hadn ' t lived	hadn 't I lived ?
you ' d lived	you hadn ' t lived	hadn 't you lived ?
he ' d lived	he hadn ' t lived	hadn 't he lived ?
she ' d lived	she hadn ' t lived	hadn 't she lived ?
it ' d lived	it hadn ' t lived	hadn 't it lived ?
we ' d lived	we hadn ' t lived	hadn 't we lived ?
you ' d lived	you hadn ' t lived	hadn 't you lived ?
they ' d lived	they hadn ' t lived	hadn 't they lived ?

Compare these sentences –compare estas frases

 Was Jennifer there when you arrived ? No , she had already gone home ( Past Perfect )

Jennifer estava la quando voce chegou ? Não , ela ja tinha ido para casa
.

 Was Jennifer there when you arrived ? Yes , but she went home soon afterwards ( Simple Past )

Jennifer estava la quando voce chegou? Sim . mas ela foi para casa logo depois.

David wasn' t home when I phoned him . He was in Los Angeles ( Simple past )

David não estava em casa quando eu lhe telefonei . Ele estava em Los Angeles.

David had just got home when I phoned him . He had been in Los Angeles ( Past Perfect )

David tinha acabado de chegar em casa quando eu telefonei . Ele tinha estado em Los Angeles )

In the examples above , you can see the different use of the Past Perfect and the Simple Past.  Even in Portuguese the meaning of each use is different ,  OK?

Nos exemplos acima voce ve o uso diferente do Past Perfect e do Simple Past. Mesmo em português o significado é diferente,ok?

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PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

( PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS ) ( I HAD BEEN DOING )

IT'S FORMED BY : HAD + BEEN + MAIN VERB + ING

Formado com: Had + Been + Verbo principal + ing

The boy came home with a black eye . He had been fighting

O menino veio para casa com um olho preto. Ele tinha estado brigando.

The sun was shining but the ground was wet. It had been raining

O sol estava brilhando mas o chão estava molhado . Tinha estado chovendo, ou,  estivera chovendo.

Use of the Past Perfect progressive – uso do Past Perfect Progressive

We can use this tense to say how long something had been happening before something else happened.

Note : The past perfect progressive is the past of the present perfect progressive

Podemos usar este tempo para dizer ha quanto tempo algo esteve acontecndo antes que outra coisa acontecesse.

Her room 's color is different . She has been painting it ( Pres. Perf. Progressive )

A cor da sala dela esta diferente . Ela a tem pintado.

Her room ' s color was different . She had been painting it .( Past perf. Progressive )

A cor da sala dela estava diferente . Ela tinha estado pintando.

These are the normal forms –estas são as formas normais

pronoun	affirmative	negative	interrogative
I	had been living	had not been living	had I been living?
you	had been living	had not been living	had you been living?
he,she,it	had been living	had not been living	had (he,she,it) been living
we	had been living	had not been living	had we been living ?
you they	had been living	had not been living	had you been living?
	had been living	had not been living	had they been living ?

These are the contracted forms –estas são as formas contraídas

negative	interrog.negative
I hadn ' t been living	hadn 't I been living ?
you hadn ' t been living	hadn 't you been living ?
he hadn ' t been living	hadn 't he been living ?
she hadn ' t been living	hadn 't she been living ?
it hadn ' t been living	hadn 't it been living ?
we hadn ' t been living	hadn 't we been living ?
you hadn ' t been living	hadn 't you been living ?
they hadn ' t been living	hadn 't they been living ?

            The contracted forms are normally used in the everyday conversation

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FUTURE

 The future is formed in two ways :

 1- Using WILL + main verb ( without TO )

 2- Using BE GOING TO + Main verb ( without TO)

O futuro é formado de dois modos:

1- Usando WILL + Verbo Principal (sem a particulaTO)                       

2- usando Be going to + Verbo principal.

Examples :

 1- I left the door open. I will go and shut it.

 Deixei a porta aberta . Irei fecha-la.

2- I need to improve my English . I am going to study harder.

Preciso aperfeiçoar meu Ingles . Vou estudar com mais afinco [ mais "duramente "] )

 Use of these constructions – uso destas construções

We use WILL to express an action that we believe will happen in the future , or to talk about decisions we make in the moment of speaking.

Usamos WILL para expressar uma ação que acreditamos que acontecerá no futuro, ou para falar de decisões que tomamos no momemto da fala.

I think David will help me with this work.

Acho que David ira ajudar-me com este trabalho.

The house is dirty , you need to clean it .OK, I will do it tomorrow.

A casa esta suja, voce precisa limpa-la . OK , farei isso amanhã.

 We use BE GOING TO when we talk about future actions that are already programmed.

Usamos Be going to quando falamos sobre ações futuras que ja estão programadas.

I know the house is dirty.I am going to clean it tomorrow.

Eu sei que a casa esta suja. Vou limpa-la amanhã.

 We often use WILL in these situations:-  geralmente usamos WILL nestas situações:

a)Promising to do something – prometendo fazer algo.

I will phone you next week .                          I will not tell anyone what you said to me
Telefonarei a você na semana que vem           Não direi a ninguém o que me disse.

 b) Offering to do something – oferecendo para fazer algo:

 If you need money I will lend you some- Se precisar de dinheiro lhe emprestarei algum.

Your bag is too heavy.I will help you –    Esta sacola é muito pesada. Vou ajuda-lo.

 c) Agreeing or refusing something – concordando ou recusando algo.

 Can you give me back my book ? OK,I will bring it back today.

Pode devolver meu livro?- Ok, vou traze-lo hoje.

I asked David to help me , but he will not.

Pedi a David para me ajudar,mas ele não o fará.

The car will not start ( It "refuses " to start ).

O carro não funcionará (ele” se recusa” a pegar)

d) Asking someone to do something – pedindo a alguem para fazer algo:

 Will you shut the door please ?

Will you turn down the radio , please ? I am studying

In general when we " predict " the future we use WILL , and when we intend to do  something in the future we use BE GOING TO

Em geral quando “predizemos” o futuro usamos WILL e, quando planejamos fazer algo no futuro usamos  BE GOING TO.

These are the normal forms – estas são as formas normais.

affirmative	negative	interrogative	interrog.negative
I will live	i will not live	will i live ?	will I not live ?
you will live	you will not live	will you live ?	will you not live ?
he will live	he will not live	will he live ?	will he not live ?
she will live	she will not live	will she live ?	will she not live ?
it will live	it will not live	will it live ?	will it not live ?
we will live	we will not live	will we live ?	will we not live ?
you will live	you will not live	will you live ?	will you not live ?
they will live	they will not live	will they live ?	will they not live ?

Here are the contracted forms –aqui estão as formas contraidas

negative	interrog.negative
I won ' t live	won 't I live ?
you won ' t live	won 't you live ?
he won ' t live	won 't he live ?
she won ' t live	won 't she live ?
it won ' t live	won 't it live ?
we won ' t live	won 't we live ?
you won ' t live	won 't you live ?
they won ' t live	won 't they live ?

GOING TO FUTURE ( Future with GOING TO )

We use GOING TO  when we talk about programmed actions.

Usamos o futuro com “Going to” quando falamos de ações programadas.

These are the normal forms – eis as formas normais

affirmative	negative	interrogative
I am going to live	I am not going to live	am I going to live ?
you are going to live	you are not going to live	are you going to live ?
he is going to live	he is not going to live	is he going to live ?
she is going to live	she is not going to live	is she going to live ?
it is going to live	it is not going to live	is it going to live ?
we are going to live	we are not going to  live	are we going to live ?
you are going to live	you are not going to live	are you going to live ?
they are going to live	they are not going to live	are they going to live ?

The other forms are : as outras formas são:

interrogative negative	contracted affirmative	contracted negative
am I not going to live ?	I ' m going to live	I ' m not going to live
are you not going to live ?	you ' re going to live	you ' re not going to live
is he not going to live ?	he ' s going to live	he ' s not going to live
is she not going to live ?	she '   s going to live	she ' s not going to live
is it not going to live ?	it ' s going to live	it ' s not going to live
are we not going to live ?	we ' re going to live	we ' re not going to  live
are you not going to live ?	you ' re going to live	you ' re not going to live
are they not going to live ?	they  ' re going to live	they ' re not going to live

 

FUTURE CONTINUOUS ( future progressive )

 ( I WILL BE DOING )

It 's formed by : WILL + BE + MAIN VERB + ING

Formado com Will + BE + Verbo principal + ing

At this time tomorrow , he will be working.

A esta hora amanhã , ele estara trabalhando.

David will be living in New York next year.

David estara morando em New York , no ano que vem.

 Use of this tense – uso deste tempo

1 - We use the Future Continuous  to say that we will be doing something at a certain time in the  future.

Usamos este tempo para dizer que estaremos fazendo algo em certo tempo no futuro.

a) The movie begins at 8:00 and ends at 9:30 . So , at 8:30 I will be watching the movie

O filme começa as 8:00 h  e termina as 9:30h. Então as 8:30 estarei assistindo ao filme.

b) David works from 9:00 am to 5:00 p.m. . Tomorrow at 1:00 p.m. he will be working

David trabalha das 9 as 17 horas.Amanhã a 1 da tarde ele estara trabalhando.

2 - We can use this tense to talk about something we have already planned and decided

Podemos usar este tempo para falar sobre algo decicido previamente.           

 I will be going downtown tomorrow . Can I bring you anything ?

Irei ao centro da cidade amanhã. Posso lhe trazer algo ?

3- We can use this tense to ask about people's plans

Podemos usar este tempo para perguntar sobre os planos das pessoas.

a) Will you be using your car tonight ? No, you can take it .

Voce usará o carro hoje á noite? Não, pode leva-lo

b) Will you be passing the post office when you go out ? If so , please mail these letters for me

Você vai passar em frente ao correio? Se passar, por favor envie estas cartas por mim.

The normal forms – as formas normais

affirmative	negative	interrogative
I will be living	I will not be living	will I be living ?
you will be living	you will not be living	will you be living ?
he,she,it will be living	he,she,it will be living	will he,she,it be living ?
we will be living	we will be living	will we be living ?
you will be living	you will be living	will you be living ?
they will be living	they will be living	will they be living ?

 Other forms – outras formas

interrogative negative	contracted negative	contrac,inter. negative
will I be not living ?	I won 't be living	won 't I be living ?
will you be not living?	you won 't be living	won 't you be living ?
will he,she,it be not living?	he,she,it won 't be living	won 't he,she,it be living ?
will we be not living ?	we won 't be living	won 't we be living ?
will you be not living ?	you won 't be living	won 't you be living ?
will they be not living ?	they won 't be living	won 't they be living ?

            The contracted forms are normally used in the everyday conversation

 

FUTURE PERFECT It's formed by : WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE OF MAIN VERB ( I WILL HAVE LIVED )

Formado com: Will+Have+past participle do verbo principal

 Use of this tense – uso deste tempo

The Future Perfect is used to express an action that will happen before another action in the future

O future Perfect é usado para expressar uma ação que acontecerá antes de uma outra ação no futuro.

            EXAMPLES :

I will have left before David arrives.

Eu terei partido antes de David chegar.

I will have finished my homework by noon.

Terei terminado minha lição antes do meio dia.

            These are the normal forms -estas são as formas normais

pronoun	affirmative	negative	interrogative
I	will have lived	will not have lived	will i have lived ?
you	will have lived	will not have lived	will you have lived ?
he,she,it	will have lived	will not have lived	will ( he,she,it ) have lived?
we	will have lived	will not have lived	will we have lived ?
you	will have lived	will not have lived	will you have lived ?
they	will have lived	will not have lived	will they have lived ?

interrogative.negative

will I not have lived ?

will you not have lived ?

will ( he,she,it ) not have lived ?

will we not have lived ?

will you not have lived ?

will they not have lived ?

Here are the contracted forms – aqui estão as formas contraídas

affirmative	negative	interrogative negative
I 'll have lived	I won 't have lived	won ' t I have lived ?
you ' ll have lived	you won 't have lived	won ' t you have lived ?
he ' ll have lived	he won 't have lived	won ' t he have lived ?
she ' ll have lived	she won 't have lived	won ' t she have lived ?
it ' ll have lived	it won 't have lived	won ' t it have lived ?
we ' ll have lived	we won 't have lived	won ' t we have lived ?
you 'll have lived	you won 't have lived	won ' t you have lived ?
they ' ll have lived	they won 't have lived	won ' t they have lived ?

The contracted forms are normally used in the conversation

 

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

 ( I WILL HAVE BEEN DOING )

It's formed by : WILL + HAVE BEEN + VERB + ING

Formado com: Will+Have Been+ verbo+ ing

  Use of this tense – uso deste tempo

We use this tense to express actions like those expressed by the Future Perfect Simple , but this tense emphasizes the continuation of the action.

Usamos este tempo para expressar ações como aquelas expressas pelo Future Perfect Simple, mas este tempo enfatiza a continuação de uma ação.

 EXAMPLES :

We will have been living in New York for five years next week

Nos teremos estado vivendo em New York por cinco anos na semana que vem.

By 10 o'clock I will have been reading this book for about three hours

Pelas 10 horas eu terei lido este livro por cerca de tres horas.

These are the normal forms – estas são as formas normais

pronoun	affirmative	negative
I	will have been living	will not have been living
you	will have been living	will not have been living
he,she,it	will have been living	will not have been living
we	will have been living	will not have been living
you	will have been living	will not have been living
they	will have been living	will not have been living

interrogative	interrogative negative
will I have been living ?	will iInot have been living ?
will you have been living ?	will you not have been living ?
will ( he,she,it ) have been living ?	will (he,she,it ) not have been living ?
will we have been living ?	will we not have been living ?
will you have been living ?	will you not have been living ?
will they have been living ?	will they not have been living ?

The contracted forms are : as formas contraidas são:

negative	interrogative - negative
I won ' t have been living	won ' t I have been living ?
you won ' t have been living	won ' t you have been living ?
he won ' t have been living	won ' t he have been living ?
she won ' t have been living	won ' t she have been living ?
it won ' t have been living	won ' t it have been living ?
we won ' t have been living	won ' t we have been living ?
you won ' t have been living	won ' t you have been living ?
they won ' t have been living	won ' t they have been living ?

            The contracted forms are always preferred in  conversation and informal writting

 

IMPERATIVE

Formed by : INFINITIVE without the particle TO

We form the negative with DO NOT or DON 'T + INFINITIVE

Formado com: Infinitive sem a particula TO

Formamos o negativo com Do not (ou Don’t) + Infinitive

EXAMPLES :

GO AWAY ( Vá embora )                        COME IN ( entre)

DON 'T GO AWAY ( não vá embora )      DON 'T COME IN (não entre )

             Uses of the Imperative

a) To give an order – para dar uma ordem

         Leave now ! ( saia agora ) -  Don't smoke in the restaurant - Do your homework now!

b) To make an invitation or to offer something –  para fazer um convite, ou oferecer algo

         Sit down , please ( Sente-se por favor )

         Have a cup of tea ! ( Tome uma xicara de chá)

c) To give an advice or a warning – dar um conselho ou aviso:

       Don ' t  drink and drive . It could kill you ( Não beba e dirija. Isso poderia mata-lo )

       Watch your step . Be careful . ( Olhe onde pisa . Seja cuidadoso )

 d) To ask someone to do something – para pedir a alguem para fazer algo

      Turn off the lights , when you leave , please ( apague as luzes ao sair ,por favor )

      Please , lend me your car for today ( Por favor empreste-me seu carro por hoje )

THE PASSIVE VOICE

A voz passiva

 It's formed by : BE (or GET ) + PAST PARTICIPLE OF MAIN VERB

 To give the correct structure to the passive voice , we need to use BE or GET in the same tense of the active voice , plus the Past Participle of the main verb from the active sentence .

 The object of the active will be always the subject of the passive voice

 The agent of the passive voice , that is the subject of the active ,is introduced by the preposition BY

É formada com: BE ou GET + Past participle do verbo principal

Para dar a estrutura correta da voz passiva, precisamos usar BE ou GET no mesmo tempo da voz ativa, mais o past participle do verbo principal da sentença de voz ativa.

O objeto da voz ativa sera sempre o sujeito da voz passiva.

O agente da voz passiva, que é o sujeito da ativa, é introduzido pela preposição BY.

EXAMPLES :

1. He keeps the car here  ( Ele mantem o carro aqui ) [ Active ]

    The car is kept here ( by him ) ( O carro é mantido aqui ( por ele )) [ Passive ] 

            
2. A thief stole my car ( Um ladrão roubou meu carro ) [ Active ]

    My car was stolen ( by a thief ) ( Meu carro foi roubado ( por um ladrão ) [ Passive ]

            
3. David broke my watch ( David quebrou meu relogio ) [ Active ]

    My watch was broken by David ( meu relogio foi quebrado por David ) [ Passive ]

 
When there is a material agent , it is introduced by the preposition WITH

Quando existe agente material ele é introduzido pela preposição WITH.

            1. Smoke filled the whole building [ Active ]

            The whole building was filled with smoke [ Passive ]

            2. Blood covered  the injured soldier [ Active ]

            The injured soldier was covered with blood [ Passive ]          

            Uses of the Passive Voice

a)      When the agent off the action is not known

Quando o agente da ação não é conhecido

             David was killed last week ( David foi morto a semana passada )

             Tom ' s bike got stolen yesterday  ( A bicicleta de Tom foi roubada ontem )

b) To emphasize the action itself – para enfatizar a ação em si.

           The thief got caught ( O ladrão foi preso )

          David ' s motorcycle was damaged by a bus ( A moto de David foi danificada por um onibus)

b)      When the agent is clear trough the context

Quando o agente é claro através do contexto.

            Silence must be kept ( O silencio deve ser mantido )

 When the sentence has both , direct and indirect objects , we can have two versions of  the passive voice.

Quando a sentença tem abos os objetos, direto e indireto, podemos ter duas versões da voz passiva.

            Someone gave Jennifer a new dress [ Active ]

            A new dress was given to Jennifer [ Passive 1 ]

            Jennifer was given a new dress [ Passive 2 ]

            They told David the real facts [ Active ]

            The real facts were told to David [ Passive 1 ]

            David was told the real facts [ Passive 2 ]

CORRESPONDENCE TABLE TABELA DE CORRESPONDENCIA

     Voz ativa         =>             Voz passiva

verb tense	active voice	passive voice
simple present	Icall	I am called
present continuous	I am calling	I am being called
simple past	I called	I was called
past continuous	I was calling	I was being called
present perfect	I have called	I have been called
present perfect	I have been called	I have been being called
past perfect	I had called	I had been called
past perfect	I had been called	I had been being called (see note )
future	I will call	I will be called
future continuous	I will be calling	I will be being called ( see note )
future perfect	I will have called	I will have been called
fut. perf. continuous	I will have been calling	I will have been being called ( note)

  NOTE : These form are not used very often

Estas formas não são usadas com muita freqüência.

 

How are the verb tenses formed ?

Como são formados os tempos verbais?

With regular verbs it 's very simple.- com verbos regulares é muito simples

 Just take out the particle TO and add ED to the verb:

Apenas retire a partícula TO e acrescente ED ao verbo.

infinitive	past tense	past participle
to love	loved	loved
to work	worked	worked
to live	lived	lived
to arrive	arrived	arrived

With the irregular verbs there ' s no rule , and there are two ways to know the three main tenses:

Com verbos irregulares não ha regras e ha dois jeitos de saber os três tempos básicos:

a)      You can find the verb in the dictionary . It gives you the three tenses of irregular verbs.

Você pode encontrar no dicionário. Ele da os três tempos básicos de verbos irregulares.

            Examples : Drink / drank / drunk = beber / bebi / bebido

                               Shut / shut / shut = fechar / fechei / fechado

                               Eat / ate / eaten = comer / comi / comido

                               Wear / wore / worn = Usar / usei / usado

As you can see some irregular verbs have two forms , others have three forms , and others have   the same form for the three tenses . 

Como se vê alguns verbos irregulares tem duas formas, outros três formas e alguns tem a mesma forma em todos os tempos. Por isso:

b)o outro jeito é ter á mão uma lista de verbos irregulares Veja a pagina Verbs in English

 The construction of the most used verb tenses

A construção dos tempos mais usados.

 

VERB TENSE	CONSTRUCTION	PORTUGUESE EQUIVALENCE
simple present	I live , he/she lives	eu moro / que eu more / se eu morar
present progressive	To BE + verb + ING	estou morando / que / se eu estiver morando
simple past	verb + ED ( exceto irreg . )	morei / morava / se eu morasse
past progressive	To Be + verb + ING	estive morando / estava morando / se eu estivesse morando
present perfect	To Have + past participle of the main verb	moro / morei / tenho morado / que eu tenha morado / se eu tiver morado
present perfect progressive	Have + Been + verb + ING	moro / tenho morado / tenho estado morando / se eu estiver morando
past perfect	Had+ past participle of main verb	morara / tinha morado / se eu tivesse morado
past perfect progressive	Had + Been + verb + ING	estivera morando / tinha estado morando /tinha morado
future progressive	Will + Be + verb + ING	estarei morando
future perfect	Will + Have + past participle of main verb	terei morado
future perfect progressive	Will + Have + verb + ING	terei estado morando / terei morado